Inovasi Kebijakan sebagai Proses Institusional: Sintesis Kritis atas Keberlanjutan Kebijakan Daerah
Abstrak
Penelitian ini mengkaji secara kritis hubungan antara inovasi kebijakan daerah dan keberlanjutan kebijakan dengan memosisikan inovasi sebagai proses institusional, bukan sekadar solusi teknis. Literatur kebijakan publik arus utama, khususnya paradigma New Public Management, cenderung menyamakan keberhasilan inovasi dengan capaian kinerja jangka pendek. Namun, berbagai temuan empiris menunjukkan paradoks yang berulang: inovasi kebijakan daerah yang efektif secara teknis sering gagal bertahan dalam jangka menengah dan panjang. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa kegagalan tersebut lebih mencerminkan lemahnya pelembagaan institusional daripada persoalan implementasi atau pergantian kepemimpinan semata. Melalui pendekatan critical–interpretive literature review terhadap 46 studi dengan perspektif historical–political institutionalism, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keberlanjutan kebijakan lebih tepat dipahami sebagai keberlanjutan institusional, yaitu sejauh mana inovasi terintegrasi ke dalam regulasi, rutinitas birokrasi, dan konfigurasi kekuasaan yang relatif stabil. Berdasarkan sintesis tersebut, artikel ini mengembangkan tipologi inovasi kebijakan daerah berdasarkan derajat pelembagaannya serta merumuskan proposisi teoretik mengenai hubungan antara pelembagaan, kepemimpinan, dan daya tahan kebijakan. Kontribusi penelitian ini bagi pengembangan studi kebijakan publik dan administrasi publik terletak pada upayanya menggeser fokus analisis dari efektivitas teknis menuju keberlanjutan institusional, menjembatani literatur inovasi kebijakan dengan perspektif institusionalisme, serta memperkenalkan keberlanjutan institusional sebagai kerangka analitik untuk memahami daya tahan kebijakan lintas waktu dan perubahan politik.
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